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Farnese Football, Scott Bodenheimer 2003
mixed media: acrylic paint, regulation Wilson NFL football, plaster, cigar box, gold leaf
13" x 8" x 5" , 33x20x13cm |
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The Cultural Arts Council of Houston and Harris County (CACHH) asked me to contribute a piece for an exhibition of art called "38 for XXXVIII" to coincide with the Superbowl, held in Houston on February 1, 2004. Each artist was given a regulation NFL football, and was asked to alter or modify it to make a work or art.
The show was displayed downtown in an unfinished streetfront space facing the new Main Street Fountain at Reliant Energy Plaza, coincidentally just a block from the view of my Mary Bird, which was chosen for the pedestrian side of a sign. The sign is part of Houston's new urban design efforts for visitors, like the enormous Superbowl crowds, to help them navigate through downtown Houston.
When I told my friends that I'd been invited to make a work for this show, to a person, they all said "So are you going to cut up and weave the football?" That idea had crossed my mind, briefly, but I tossed it out when faced with the real football that CACHH supplied.
It had been nearly 20 years since I'd held a football. Like a macho Texas version of Proust's fey madeleine tea cookie, it brought up early memories of my Dad, (who played football in high school) trying to show me how to throw and catch a pass.
There were vibrant memories of my mother and grandmother, both big football and sports fans, |
who had vital attachments to watching football on television. I recalled the sound of those games, and moreover the swings between my mother's jubilation and vituperation over what her favorite teams had done.I thought as well about my late brother Paul's participation in football. Paul was a big powerful boy for his age, and he played very well in defensive positions on the middle school varsity team. But Paul decided that the game itself was too mean and brutal, and that playing it well would have diminished his own character, so he didn't go on to play in high school.
I played flag football myself for 10 years, from first grade in 1970, when my family moved from New Jersey back down to Texas, up to my freshman year at Rice, when we had obligatory Phys Ed. I had a few years break from that in high school, when I played alto sax in band. I still marched and played at every Klein High School football game - [go Bearkats!]
I love music, but I couldn't stand Band, where you were compelled to service the Texas cult of football, and work on all sorts of complicated music and routines for the entertainment of the few spectators who didn't have to either pee, or go get food, or make out with their squeezes, or jabber with their respective cliques. Basically we were entertainment for the singletons and misfits, and a few touchingly devoted Band parents.
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I hated Band so much that I decided to go back to taking the otherwise obligatory PE. That decision was fraught with all sorts of anxiety for a gay teenager.
Phys Ed was adminstered by petty bullying coaches, each embittered in varying degrees from their distance from the head football coach job. Luckily I scheduled gym for the lunch period, which had only one coach working, who coached the diving team. Tthe handful of PE students got to swim around half of the pool, doing half laps and playing Marco Polo while the coach worked with the divers. So I escaped most of the football cult for a couple of years.
When I held this football again after almost 20 years, it certainly was symbolic and meaningful. The object itself was so beautiful, and pleasant to grasp. Footballs have an almost feminine form, like a vessel, like a ritual object,. I couldn't think of cutting that swelling shape into strips.
With all my ambivalence about football, I didn't want to desecrate it. There is beauty in the sportl, and I wanted to use the actual football to show that. The physiques of the players, their heroic proportions, their muscles, their size, are what I chose to emphasize.. They're what all football fans admire, whether they admit it or not.
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The two sides of the football are painted with images of the Farnese Hercules, a statue attributed to the Greek sculptor Lysippos in the 4th century B.C.E. A marble copy of the original lost bronze statue, was excavated from the ruined Baths of Caracalla in Rome in 1546. It shows Hercules leaning on his club, with the skin of the Nemean Lion, the killing of which was one of his Twelve Labors.
The original lost bronze statue of Hercules was a product of a glorious and militaristic age and an imperialistic sensibility. It was sculpted in the dramatic and robust Hellenistic style, an aesthetic that had been disseminated by the entourage of Alexander the Great throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor.
When the marble copy of that bronze was produced 500 years later, it was installed in the Baths dedicated by the Roman emperor Caracalla, a brutal man who killed his own brother to gain the throne. Caracalla's own statues depicted him with a Herculean physique. He ruled less than 6 years before he was assassinated.
Thirteen centuries later, the Farnese Hercules was rediscovered in another militaristic and imperialist age, the Counter Reformation. The statue has the title Farnese because it was owned by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, the nephew of Pope Paul III. It was Alessandro who negotiated an alliance of the Papal armies those of with Holy Roman Charles V to wage war against the Protestants.
The unearthed statue caused a sensation. It was a major inspiration to artists who had never yet seen such powerful muscularity depicted in a classical Roman statue. Antique statues were subject to a collecting frenzy at the time.
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Besides their value as objects of beauty, they were emblems of prestige for men trying to associate their recently acquired gains with ancient power and wealth. People of the day thought that the zenith of art had been produced in classical times. A frequent trope of poetry and prose compared contemporary artistic talents to the ancients.
Early in his career, Michelangelo caused a scandal when he made a statue of a Drunken Bacchus in an antique style, and conspired with his patron to bury it. They made a big show of digging it up and half-heartedly attempted to pass it off as a Roman original. When the truth was discovered, it only enhanced Michelangelo's reputation, and showed that sculptors of the day could rival and even surpass the ancients.
The Farnese Hercules was set up in the courtyard of the Palazzo Farnese, behind a façade designed by Michelangelo. Art in this time was at sort of a stylistic crossroads, between the classicism of the High Renaissance (Raphael), and the exuberant theatricality of the Baroque (Rubens.) Nowadays we call this period Mannerist as a tidy classification, and the style's hallmarks include unusual non-realistic proportions and poses, a fascination with surfaces, and a certain sort of tension and incertitude in iconography and depiction.
Mannerism reflected the surrounding tumultuous religion and politics. Artists were trying to depict life in a modern way that reflected the ambivalence and conflict all around them. An exciting and dangerous time - scholars were inventing the scientific method;Portugal and Spain were exploring and exploiting Africa, Asia, and the New World; and religious persecution and holy wars broke out across Europe.
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To people in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the image of the Farnese Hercules implied grandeur and nobility of force and determination. Its influence can be seen readily in the painted male nudes of Rubens and other Baroque artists. With his prints, artists such as Henrik Goltzius infected Europe with the Farnese Hercules meme, and inspired other thinkers with its richly inferred ambivalence and conflict, its power and resolve, its tension and repose.
Depictions and reproductions of the statue were often used in ways approaching propaganda. It became a powerful symbol of veneration for classical culture, especially in France (which incidentally has used the Palazzo Farnese as its embassy to Italy since 1874).
The most famous French reproduction is Pierre Puget's monumental version. It was installed by the great landscape architect André Le Nôtre as the focal point for his first garden masterpiece, the precursor to his work at Versailles.
The Farnese Hercules has always had tragic connotations as well as heroic ones. In this case, it adorned Vaux-le-Vicomte, the chateau erected by Nicolas Fouquet, the chief finance minister of Louis XIV. Less than a month after being hosted and entertained by Fouquet at Vaux, Louis XIV had Fouquet arrested, and after a trial lasting three years, had him convicted of embezzling from the royal treasury, and imprisoned for the rest of his life. [Vaux-le-Vicomte has had a starring role in many movies, "Start the Revolution Without Me", "The Man in the Iron Mask", "Vatel", "The Affair of the Necklace" and two James Bond 007 pictures: "Thunderball" and "Moonraker."]
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The conflict between male and female powers in culture and politics provided the origins of the Hercules myth. Poets wrote that Hercules was invincible from the assaults of men, and could even wrestle giants and gods into submission. But he was tormented throughout his life by his namesake stepmother Hera,
The ancient mother Goddess of feminine power was sidelined when the patriarchal warrior Achaean Greeks conquered the matriarchal Pelasgians.She was married off to the sky god Zeus, and transformed into the goddess of marriage and childbirth. |
Zeus' son by the mortal Alcmene was given the name "Herakles" meaning "glory of Hera."
Herakles-Hercules was also known as a great lover - of both sexes (Ioalus, Hylas, Megara, Omphale, Iole.) What finally killed him was sorcery. The centaur Nessus tried to kidnap Hercules' wife Deianira. Although the sculptor Giambologna shows Hercules using his club, the poet Apollodorus says Nessus was killed with an arrow, poisoned with the blood of the many headed Hydra, the monster Hercules killed as one of his Twelve Labors.
The dying Nessus whispered to Deianira that if she ever doubted her husband's loyalty, |
a potion made from the Hydra's blood, mixed with drops of Hercules own semen would bind him to her. Later when Deianira feared that Hercules was going to leave her for the concubine Iole, she dyed a tunic with the potion made from blood and semen and gave it to Hercules to wear.
When he put it on, it burned his flesh down to the bones. In agony he asked his friends to immolate him upon a funeral pyre. After death, the gods made him an immortal god. In Olympus, he married Hera and Zeus' own daughter, his half-sister Hebe, goddess of youth. |
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